Pemanfaatan Soil Tester Dan Buku Munsell Dalam Pembelajaran Geografi Materi Litosfer Di SMAS Muhammadiyah Batuda’a

Abstract

Geography education at the senior high school level plays an important role in developing students’ understanding of the interactions between humans and the physical environment. One of the core topics in geography learning is the lithosphere, which includes the study of the Earth’s crust structure, rock types, soil formation processes, and geological phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanism. Lithosphere learning at Muhammadiyah Batuda’a Senior High School was implemented using an outdoor study approach combined with project-based learning (PjBL) to provide contextual learning experiences based on the surrounding environment. This study employed a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest to examine students’ understanding before and after the implementation of the learning approach. The research subjects were students of Muhammadiyah Batuda’a Senior High School. Data were collected through written tests and analyzed descriptively. The results indicate an increase in the average lithosphere understanding score from 65 in the pre-implementation stage to 83 in the post-implementation stage on a 0–100 scale. Students were able to explain the relationship between soil pH, soil color, and soil fertility. For instance, alluvial soil with a neutral pH (6.5–7) and a dark color based on the Munsell Soil Color Chart (10YR 3/2) was identified as suitable for rice cultivation. These findings suggest that geography learning based on outdoor study and PjBL supports students’ contextual understanding of lithosphere concepts.